Tuesday, August 26, 2014

Riscaldamento globale? Congelato fino al 2025

Riscaldamento globale? Congelato fino al 2025

西洋文明の源流

Homer's Iliad contains more than 15600 lines of poetry (known as verses),
ギリシア神話を題材とし、トロイア戦争十年目のある日に生じたアキレウスの怒りから、イーリオスの英雄ヘクトールの葬儀までを描写する。ギリシアの叙事詩として最古のものながら、最高のものとして考えられている。叙事詩環(叙事詩圏)を構成する八つの叙事詩のなかの一つである。
元々は口承によって伝えられてきたもので、中世日本において琵琶法師たちが『平家物語』を演じたような格好で歌われていた[要出典]。『オデュッセイア』第八歌には、パイエーケス人たちがオデュッセウスを歓迎するために開いた宴に、そのような楽人デーモドコスが登場する。オデュッセウスはデーモドコスの歌うトロイア戦争の物語に涙を禁じえず、また、自身でトロイの木馬のくだりをリクエストし、再び涙を流した[要出典]。
『イーリアス』の作者とされるホメーロス自身も、そのような楽人(あるいは吟遊詩人)だった。ホメーロスによって『イーリアス』が作られたというのは、紀元前8世紀半ば頃のことと考えられている。『イーリアス』はその後、紀元前6世紀後半のアテナイにおいて文字化され、紀元前2世紀にアレキサンドリアにおいて、ほぼ今日の形にまとめられたとされる[1]。

The Odyssey has 12,000 lines of verse,
『イーリアス』の続編作品にあたり、そのため叙事詩環の一つに数えられることもある。長編叙事詩では、古代ギリシア文学最古期にあたる。
イタケーの王である英雄オデュッセウスがトロイア戦争の勝利の後に凱旋する途中に起きた、10年間にもおよぶ漂泊が語られ[1][2]、オデュッセウスの息子テーレマコスが父を探す探索の旅も展開される。不在中に妃のペーネロペー(ペネロペ)に求婚した男たちに対する報復なども語られる[1]。
紀元前8世紀頃に吟遊詩人が吟唱する作品として成立し、その作者はホメーロスと伝承されるが、紀元前6世紀頃から文字に書かれるようになり、現在の24巻からなる叙事詩に編集された。この文字化の事業は、伝承ではアテーナイのペリクレスに帰せられる。
古代ギリシアにおいては、ギリシア神話と同様に『オデュッセイア』と『イーリアス』は、教養ある市民が必ず知っているべき知識のひとつとされた。なお『イーリアス』と『オデュッセイア』が同一の作者によるものか否かは長年の議論があるところであり、一部の研究者によって、後者は前者よりも遅く成立し、かつそれぞれの編纂者が異なるとの想定がなされている(詳細はホメーロス問題を参照)。

The Aeneid  is composed of 9,896 lines in dactylic hexameter.[1]
『アエネーイス』(古典ラテン語: Aeneis)は、古代ローマの詩人ウェルギリウス(前70年–前19年)の叙事詩。全12巻。イーリオス(トロイア)滅亡後の英雄アエネーアース(Aenēās、ギリシア語ではアイネイアース Αἰνείας)の遍歴を描く。
アエネーイスは「アエネーアースの物語」の意。
ウェルギリウスの最後にして最大の作品であり、ラテン文学の最高傑作とされる。この作品の執筆にウェルギリウスは11年(前29年–前19年)を費やした。最終場面を書き上げる前に没したため未完である。彼は死の前にこの草稿の焼却を望んだが、アウグストゥスが刊行を命じたため世に出ることになった。『アエネーイス』以後に書かれたラテン文学で、この作品を意識していないものはない。

 Divina Commedia è suddivisa in tre parti dette “cantiche” e che ogni cantica è composta divina1da 33 “canti” per un totale di 14.233 versi.

Insight 626

Insight 626

倫理学の方法論

Knowing                 Doing
- experience          - desire  要望:快適な老後
- undertanding        - intellegible order 年金制度
- judgement           - values   国民年金
- doing
  
   /desire
   /intelligible order
   /values
----------------------------------------------------
善の存在論

terminal value    振り込んできた年金額
originating value 国の年金制度

generalized emergent probability 一般化した発生的確率

(2030年に年金の全額をもらえる可能性・確率)

政治経済・労働者人口・国際情勢・自然の資源・金融の動向などの推移

1) 一般化した発生的確率が特殊的秩序を条件づける
2)合理的自己意識が条件づけられたものを選択し、条件づけるものを排除できない
3)普遍的秩序の実現は真の価値(合理的選択の対象)である(third part of argument)

------------------------------
功利主義(こうりしゅぎ、英: Utilitarianism)は、行為や制度の社会的な望ましさは、その結果として生じる効用(功利、有用性)(英: utility)によって決定されるとする考え方である。帰結主義の1つ。実利主義(じつりしゅぎ)とも呼ばれる。また、「功利主義」という日本語の語感がもたらす誤解を避けるため、「公益主義」あるいは「大福主義」[1]という呼び方が提案されている。
倫理学、法哲学、政治学、厚生経済学などにおいて用いられる。

「最大多数の最大幸福」がベンサムから続く功利主義のスローガンであるが、この幸福を快楽と苦痛との差し引きの総計とするか選好の充足とするかで、次の二つに分けられる。

・快楽主義型(幸福主義型)功利主義
・選好充足型功利主義(選好功利主義)

また、最大幸福原理を個々の行為の正しさの基準とするか一般的な行為規則の正しさの規準とするかで、次の二つに分類される。

・行為功利主義
・規則功利主義

-----------------------------

Sunday, August 10, 2014

The Priceless Grace of Pressure

The Priceless Grace of Pressure

Pressure is one of the more resented of God's graces.

I'm not wired to appreciate pressure. But I am wired to need it. I find that when the pressure is on, I often wish it were off. But I also find that when the pressure is off, I tend to waste more time. I have a persistent misconception that I am more creative when the pressure is off. But, while that may be true for a few things, as a general rule it has not been my actual experience. Necessity tends to produce resourcefulness. Deadlines tend to induce creativity. Leisure tends to induce indulgence and procrastination.

Not everyone is wired the same way. There are more driven temperaments that have an inner compulsion to get lots of things done no matter if there are deadlines or not. Bless them. But in my observation, those temperaments are rare. Most of us will tend to do less if less is required.

It is, no doubt, an effect of the curse, a manifestation of the pathological selfishness that is part of our fallen natures. But that being the case, the discomfort of pressure to prod us forward is a gift to be desired, not an annoyance to be avoided.

Biblical Pressure

Read the Bible and you'll find that, post-fall, it is one story after another of pressurized saints. Noah, Abraham, Moses, Joshua, Ruth, Naomi, David, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Jesus's disciples, the apostles, all dealt with significant pressure. Paul felt a daily pressure of concern for all the churches and that kept him praying without ceasing (2 Corinthians 11:28; 1 Thessalonians 5:17). The press of adversity and affliction called for the exercising of faith, the one thing without which we will never please God (Hebrews 11:6).

When God chooses his servants, he tends to give them an oversized workload. Yes, God works for those who wait for him (Isaiah 64:4), but you'll note that waiting on God is rarely experienced as a leisure activity. It typically involves being placed in an overwhelming situation that requires a steeling of the nerves of faith to wait. Yes, we are to serve in the strength that God supplies (1 Peter 4:11), but that serving can still push us beyond what we think we can handle to show that it's God's gracious supply, not our own strength, that is sufficient (2 Corinthians 12:9) and to show that we hope in the God who raises the dead (2 Corinthians 1:8–9).

He "knows our frame; he remembers that we are dust" (Psalm 103:14). And so he gives us some seasons of green pastures and still waters (Psalm 23:2). But rarely as many as we would wish. And often not when we think we need it. God knows far better than we do when we really need refreshment when we need to be pushed. It is precisely because God knows our frame, and what kind of dust we really are, that he mercifully doesn't relent the pressure — because when the pressure is off, we have a tendency to forget our need for God (1 Samuel 12:9; Revelation 3:17). Our proneness to wander is curbed by the priceless grace of pressure.

An Answer to Our Prayer for "More"

I have noticed a pattern that when I ask God for more — to know more of his grace, to trust his promises more than my perceptions (faith), for a deeper understanding of his word, for greater discernment and wisdom, for more love for others, for more self-control, for more of his Holy Spirit's empowerment — what I receive is more pressure. And frequently the kind of pressure I receive is often not what I thought I was asking for, so I am at first confused and sometimes sinfully frustrated. Because my conception (my imagination) of what "more" I needed was different than God's.

For example, I'm distractible. I probably fall somewhere on the spectrum of ADHD. Therefore, I can intuitively assume that life would be better if I had less demands. But that's not the Lord's assessment. Instead, he has assigned me to lead a family of seven, help lead an internet ministry, help pastor (bi-vocationally) my local church, be a legal guardian for my disabled sister, and try to manage all the things that come with just normal life and my own spiritual struggles. My labors are not heroic. Others I know certainly do more. But I have prayed often about whether God wants me to do less, and he keeps directing me to the same answer Paul received about his thorn (though I blush at even alluding to such a comparison): "my grace is sufficient for you, my power is perfected in weakness" (2 Corinthians 12:9).

Over the years, I have found this to be true. I often feel pressed, and at times anxious. And yet there has always been enough grace. In fact, the grace is often the very pressure I am tempted to resent. Distractibility doesn't improve with less pressure, it just runs freer. Pressure forces focus and helps me to make the most of my time (Ephesians 5:16).

Pray for More!

If knowing that praying for more grace may result in more pressure, we may be tempted not to ask for more. When we feel this way, we must repent. Because we do not know as we ought to know (1 Corinthians 8:2). No good thing will God withhold from those who walk uprightly (Psalm 84:11). Only a fool prefers evil over good, or even less good over more good. We don't want to be fools.

Jesus promises that if we ask in faith and in his name, the Father will grant what we ask for our joy (John 16:24). Yes, our joy! God only gives us the priceless grace of pressure so that we will share his holiness, bear the peaceful fruit of righteousness (Hebrews 12:10–11), exercise love for others (1 John 4:7), put their needs before ours (Philippians 2:3), and to push us toward himself — our exceeding joy (Psalm 43:4).

So let's pray earnestly for more of whatever God wishes to give us. Let us boldly pray "whatever-it-takes prayers" and take whatever he gives us. And if he graciously answers us with more pressure than we expected, let us not resent it, but recognize it as a gift to help us strive to enter the rest that is coming (Hebrews 4:11).

More from Desiring God on laboring under pressure:

Is There Good Anxiety? (sermon)

How Should I Spend My Time? (interview)

Manage Your Time for the Mission of Love (article)

Jon Bloom (@Bloom_Jon) is the author of Not by Sight: A Fresh Look at Old Stories of Walking by Faith and serves as the President of Desiring God, which he and John Piper launched together in 1994. He lives in the Twin Cities with his wife, Pam, their five children, and one naughty dog.


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